Page 46 - Educational Leadership in a Changing World
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Rasa Nedzinskait˙ e-Mači¯ unien˙ e and Antonios Kafa
Table 2.2 Moderating Effect of escs on the Relation between Instructional
Leadership and Students’ Science Scores in pisa 2022
Predictors β (se) t () ()
instlead –. (.) –.** [–., –.] [–., –.]
escs . (.) .** [., .] [., .]
Interaction . (.) . [–., .] [–., .]
notes 95 confidence interval: (1) low limit, upper limit, (2) boot low limit, boot
2
upper limit. R = 0.56, F =23.34**, N = 60. *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
(2-tailed). **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Instructional leadership had a significant negative effect on science
scores (β = –33.26, p = 0.01). Meanwhile, escs had a significant positive
effect on science scores (β = 56.32, p < 0.001), suggesting that students
from higher socioeconomic backgrounds perform better in science. The
interaction effect between instructional leadership and escs was not
statistically significant (β =9.96, p = 0.62), indicating that escs does
notmoderatetherelationshipbetweeninstructional leadershipand sci-
ence scores (see Figure 2.4).
The Bootstrap confidence intervals for instructional leadership ([–
58.72, –15.10]) confirm that its negative impact on science achievement
is robust, as the ci does not include zero. The interaction effect’s con-
fidence interval ([–18.24, 52.83]) contains zero, reinforcing the conclu-
sion that moderation is not significant. Therefore, Hypothesis 6 – escs
moderates the relationship between instructional leadership and sci-
ence achievement – is not supported.
The moderating role of escs in the relationship between School Au-
tonomy (schauto) and science achievement was also examined (see
Table 2.3).
The model explains 56 of the variance in science achievement (R 2
= 0.56), indicating strong explanatory power. The overall model is sta-
tistically significant F (3,56) = 23.67, p < 0.001), meaning the predictors
(schauto, escs, and their interaction) contribute significantly to ex-
instlead
Figure 2.4 –33.26**
Moderating Effect 56.32**
of escs between escs science
Instructional
Leadership 9.96
instlead × escs
and Science Scores
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