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Assessment Tools for Non-Technical Skills
in Multidisciplinary Healthcare Team
Simulation-Based Education:
A Scoping Review
Igor Karnjuš Jakob Renko
University of Primorska, Slovenia University of Primorska, Slovenia
igor.karnjus@fvz.upr.si jakob.renko@fvz.upr.si
Kristina Martinović Patrik Pucer
University of Primorska, Slovenia University of Primorska, Slovenia
kristina.martinovic@fvz.upr.si patrik.pucer@fvz.upr.si
In recent years, the importance of training healthcare professionals in non-tech-
nical skills (NTS) using effective methods to prevent clinical errors in health
care has been increasingly recognised. Healthcare professionals are frequently
taught NTS through simulation. The aim of our scoping review was to examine
the validation evidence for tools used to assess NTS in multidisciplinary teams
in simulation-based clinical education. A literature search was conducted in
the PubMed and Web of Science databases using predefined inclusion and ex-
clusion criteria. A total of ten studies were included in the final analysis. Seven
different assessment tools were identified, with the Team Emergency Assess-
ment Measure (TEAM) and the Non-Technical Skills for Trauma (T-NOTECHS)
used more than once. The most frequently assessed NTS within each tool were
communication skills, situation awareness, teamwork/cooperation, and lead-
ership skills. While many of the examined assessment tools undergo validation
for scoring and generalisation inference, there is a scarcity of tools validated for
extrapolation inference such as factor analysis.
Keywords: simulation-based education, multidisciplinary teams, team training,
assessment tools, non-technical skills.
© 5 Igor Karnjuš, Kristina Martinović, Jakob Renko,
and Patrik Pucer
https://doi.org/1.6493/978-961-93-467-5.17
Introduction
Non-technical skills (NTS) are defined as cognitive, social and personal skills
that complement technical skills and contribute to a safe and efficient execu-
tion of tasks (Flin et al., 1). Failures in NTS have been shown to increase the
risk of serious adverse events in the workplace (Uramatsu et al., 17). Clinical
Klančar, A., Štemberger, T., Prosen, M., & Ličen, S. (Eds.). (2025). International Perspectives
on Effective Teaching and Learning in Digital Education. University of Primorska Press.
