Page 74 - How to Shine on Stage

that there is a weak relationship between students’ music performance
goals and their practice strategies, which led her to conclude that stu-
dents should improve their practice strategies in order to achieve their
performance goals. Kim Mieder and Jennifer A. Bugos (2017) designed
a university-level self-regulation programme where students were taught
strategies for successful self-regulation (e.g. efficient warm-up, breath-
ing exercises, goal-setting, peer collaboration, verbal meditation, group
discussion, reflection, practice, and performance) for two weeks. These
72 training approaches were also encouraged in individual instrument/
singing lessons. A significant improvement in students’ practice self-reg-
ulation has been reported, resulting in improved musical performance
(Mieder and Bugos, 2017).
How to Shine on Stage 2.1.8 Social Factors Influencing Musical Performance

Success
Social influence is an extremely important factor in the success of a mu-
sical performance and can be direct or indirect. Social factors (teachers,
parents, peers) in the music education process, which can contribute to
musical success, have an indirect influence, while the presence of the au-
dience at a musical performance has a direct influence.
Social influence can be centred around the influence of social sup-
port (Hallam et al., 2016; Lehmann & Kristensen, 2014), which some
authors refer to as “persons in the shadow” (Gruber et al., 2008). Types
of support can be informative, instrumental, evaluative, or emotional
(Nogaj & Ossowski, 2015; Sęk & Brzezińska, 2008). Informative sup-
port includes information exchange, guidance, and counselling to help
one better understand the situation, as well as feedback on the effec-
tiveness of the strategies one has used to cope with the situation. In-
strumental support is concrete, constructive advice aimed at solving a
problem. Evaluative support is a transfer of information which evaluate
the employed capacities or strategies. Emotional support, which is the
most important, refers to the expression of love, care, trust, and empa-
thy in stressful situations.
Parents, teachers, and peers are the most important social factors
influencing academic success (Lehmann & Kristensen, 2014; Nogaj &d
Ossowski, 2015; Sichivitsa, 2007).

2.1.8.1 Parents
Parents generally have the greatest influence on the nature and form
of their child’s achievements (Baumrind, 1989; Csikszentmihalyi et al.,